非洲坦湖食鱗性慈鯛的侵略性擬態可能具有複合式的作用

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標題:A complex mode of aggressive mimicry in a scale-eating cichlid fish

摘要

Aggressive mimicry is an adaptive tactic of parasitic or predatory species that closely resemble inoffensive models in order to increase fitness via predatory gains. Although similarity of distantly related species is often intuitively implicated with mimicry, the exact mechanisms and evolutionary causes remain elusive in many cases. Here, we report a complex aggressive mimicry strategy in Plecodus straeleni, a scale-eating cichlid fish from Lake Tanganyika, which imitates two other cichlid species. Employing targeted sequencing on ingested scales, we show that P. straeleni does not preferentially parasitize its models but—contrary to prevailing assumptions—targets a variety of co-occurring dissimilar looking fish species. Combined with tests for visual resemblance and visual modelling from a prey perspective, our results suggest that complex interactions among different cichlid species are involved in this mimicry system.

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侵略性擬態的食鱗魚-斯氏織麗鯛 (Plecodus straeleni)與其被擬態者六帶新亮麗鯛(=坦桑尼亞金六間,Neolamprologus sexfasciatus) 與 駝背非鯽 (=藍六間,Cyphotilapia gibberosa


侵略性擬態顧名思義,是mimic擬態model的時候不是「借」好處而是去「搶」好處,通常是藉由擬態某些物種去偷咬別人的身體或搶別人的食物,是一種人類會覺得這樣的行為很壞,然後拿來做文章變成語的一種自然現象。

這個例子說的是非洲坦湖的慈鯛,其中的食鱗魚-斯氏織麗鯛(又稱食鱗惡魔、變色龍食鱗魚),被認為是擬態六帶新亮麗鯛(又稱五間半、金六間)駝背非鯽(六間),如果這個侵略性擬態關係為真,那麼這個食鱗魚理論上就應該會混在這兩種慈鯛的魚群裡,並且特定只吃這兩種魚的魚鱗。這個團隊想要測試這個假設,就把斯氏織麗鯛胃中的魚鱗拿來用分子鑑定的方式分析,發現不只這兩種魚,居然鑑定出43不同的慈鯛 (見補充資料),可以代表總共12的支系裡的10個支系。其中更發現某一個樣本的胃中更是鑑定出高達9種不同的魚鱗,而不同個體間魚的種類的重疊程度更是只有0.5-15%,顯示這個擬態者的食性其實很廣泛。

即使專一的關係不存在,作者還是認為這是擬態,只是在其他的行為發揮作用。

個人的疑問是慈鯛的線條不是廣泛存在於整個慈鯛中嗎?剛好三種長的像,其中一種剛好是食鱗魚而已,這樣的趨同也有可能吧?

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