不是一切都非黑即白:精靈箭毒蛙的體色與行為變異顯示不同的防禦策略

小丑箭毒蛙 (Oophaga granulifera)紅色型
photo: ARKive



標題:NOT EVERYTHING IS BLACK AND WHITE: COLOR AND BEHAVIORAL VARIATION REVEAL A CONTINUUM BETWEEN CRYPTIC AND APOSEMATIC STRATEGIES IN A POLYMORPHIC POISON FROG

摘要

Aposematism and crypsis are often viewed as two extremes of a continuum of visual conspicuousness to predators. Theory predicts that behavioral and coloration conspicuousness should vary in tandem along the conspicuousness spectrum for antipredator strategies to be effective. Here we used visual modeling of contrast and behavioral observations to examine the conspicuousness of four populations of the granular poison frog, Oophaga granulifera, which exhibits almost continuous variation in dorsal color. The patterns of geographic variation in color, visual contrast, and behavior support a gradient of overall conspicuousness along the distribution of O. granulifera. Red and green populations, at the extremes of the color distribution, differ in all elements of color, contrast, and behavior, strongly reflecting aposematic and cryptic strategies. However, there is no smooth cline in any elements of behavior or coloration between the two extremes. Instead populations of intermediate colors attain intermediate conspicuousness by displaying different combinations of aposematic and cryptic traits. We argue that coloration divergence among populations may be linked to the evolution of a gradient of strategies to balance the costs of detection by predators and the benefits of learned aversion.

小丑箭毒蛙(箭頭青蛙、細疣箭毒蛙,Oophaga granulifera)也是一種隨區域顏色不相似的箭毒蛙,其族群間體色的變化十分劇烈,從醒目的紅色到看起來不太顯眼的綠色都能找的到,奇妙的是箭毒蛙本身應該是透過醒目的顏色來警告捕食者的種類,那麼不太顯眼的綠色代表的是另一種警戒色,或是暗示這個物種的不同族群採用的顏色策略不一樣?

Fig. 1 本篇研究採用的四個族群分佈
photo: National Geographic
作者群討論哥斯大黎加西方低地小丑箭毒蛙的的體色變異(如上圖),選定四個區域的族群,以量測背面八處(頭部兩處,背部六處)與腹面八處(胸部兩處,腹部六處)的反射光譜,以及六種不同的環境基質(樹皮、岩石、綠葉、落葉、香蕉樹、泥土),比較顯眼的程度,並且將個體的光譜資訊套用藍山雀的視覺模型,模擬捕食者的視覺型態。另一方面透過行為的觀察,比較從顯眼到不顯眼的個體是否存在不同程度的行為差異。

光譜測量的結果顯示從紅色到綠色族群存在漸進式的差異。紅色與綠色的族群間,不論是顏色、對比或行為都呈現顯著的差異,顯示兩個族群的顏色分別反應警戒與隱蔽兩種不同的策略(綠色的族群明顯的叫聲較少,捕食率也較低)。雖然如此,但這看似漸進式的顏色變化,其實反應的是中間型個體的顏色是透過不同身體部分的顏色組合來呈現,而非單純的只是皮膚顏色的變化。

Fig. 2 光譜反射與彩度分析結果,A與B是背部,C與D是腹部。
這些證據顯示即使是有防禦的物種,還是有可能透過不醒目的顏色採取隱蔽的策略,而這與當地的捕食者結構是否有因果關係(太聰明?視覺模式有很大的差異?再毒也吃的下去的物種?),未來的類似討論勢必需要更多的捕食者資訊,而非反覆透過特定數種「模式物種」,狹隘的驗證有多重變因的現象。

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