[Review] 警戒訊號真的忠實反應物種的「警戒」嗎?

photo from Aposematism (wiki)


標題:Are aposematic signals honest? A review

摘要

We explore the relevance of honest signalling theory to the evolution of aposematism. We begin with a general consideration of models of signal stability, with a focus on the Zahavian costly signalling framework. Next, we review early models of signalling in the context of aposematism (some that are consistent and some inconsistent with costly honest signalling). We focus on controversies surrounding the idea that aposematic signals are handicaps in a Zahavian framework. Then, we discuss how the alignment of interests between signaller and predator influences the evolution of aposematism, highlight the distinction between qualitative and quantitative honesty and review theory and research relevant to these categories. We also review recent theoretical treatments of the evolution of aposematism that have focused on honest signalling as well as empirical research on a variety of organisms, including invertebrates and frogs. Finally, we discuss future directions for empirical and theoretical research in this area.

從以前的自然學家發現警戒性並且描述這個現象以來,我們對於一個物種有警戒色總是假設「有明顯的訊號,而且有危險的防禦機制」的這個前提,來假設所有警戒性的物種都是這樣,可是,如果有物種其實只有警戒性,但是沒有任何防禦機制,這時就會說這個訊號「不誠實」。會有這個疑慮就是因為有的物種本身長得很誇張(例如有很多刺),這就毫無疑問的展現其防禦,但有的物種必須要攻擊後才知道(例如珊瑚蛇),這時中間很多假設與疑問就出現了。

基本上,警戒性分為「訊號」與「防禦」,就演化歷程來說, 無論哪種特徵的出現都必須有相當的「花費」(cost),如果先演化出了訊號很有用,那麼還會需要在花費更多的力氣出現防禦嗎?如果這訊號反而吸引攻擊,那不就白花這些能量?因此也有科學家的看法認為警戒性本身是種「殘障」,不管做什麼都受限,而且必須花費巨大的演化機會投資在警戒性的演化上。

這篇回顧就在討論警戒性到底是不是確實的反應物種的防禦,以及從博奕理論(game theory)的觀點,辯證物種在警戒性的演化上的花費與收穫的平衡,最後加上實際研究過的例子(箭毒蛙與無脊椎動物)來佐證,整理上來說篇幅雖然很長,但讀完能對警戒性的演化有更進階的概念。




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